1271 Entry into Israel - 10th of Nissan. Battle of Jericho,
| 2000 | Beginning of the 2000 years of Torah | 1760 | |
| 2000 | Abraham and Sarah start teaching Torah. Beginnings of monotheism as a way of life | Code of Hammurabi | 1760 |
| 2035
2048
| Birth of Ishmael - son of Abraham and Hagar
Birth of Isaac. Circumcision of Abraham and his family
| 1712 | |
| 2085 | Akeidat Yitzchak. The Binding and Near Sacrifice of Isaac.
Isaac and Rebecca. Jacob and Esau. Blessings and Birthright.
| ||
| 2108 | Jacob, Rachel & Leah, 12 Sons = 12 Tribes. Transition from being a family to being a nation. Jacob fights with the angel and is given the name Israel, Yisrael | Hyksos, Shepherd kings, invade Egypt. | 1652 |
| 2199 | Joseph is sold by his brothers and is taken to Egypt.
Eventually due to his dream interpretations he becomes the Viceroy of Egypt -Ztaphenat Phaneach
| Hyksos driven out of Egypt. | 1561 1567 |
| 2238 | Entry into Egypt by the 70 members of the family of Jacob Settlement in the Land of Goshen - Shepherds | 18th Dynasty | 1522 |
| 2331 | Enslavement begins with the death of the last of the 12 sons of Jacob, Levi. Birth of Miriam. Amram, Levi's grandson marries Yocheved, Levi's daughter. They have 3 children Miriam, Aaron and Moses (Batya, daughter of Pharaoh finds Moses in Nile and brings him up in Pharaoh's palace) | Thutmose IV? Pitom (Tanis) & Ramses | 1429 |
| 2368 | Moses - Moshe - 5 levels of test before he is chosen as a prophet at the Burning Bush 1. Leaving palace to identify with brothers 2. Saving Jew from Egyptian oppression 3. Saving one Jew from another 4. Saving one stranger from another stranger. Justice, mercy and humility. 5. Brings water to sheep. | 1392 | |
| 2448 | Exodus, Desert Plagues, Red Sea, Manna, Clouds of Glory, Well of Miriam. | Thutmose III? | 1312 |
| 2448 | Revelation at Mt. Sinai. Written & Oral Laws given to the entire Jewish people - 3,000,000 prophets.. Moses' prophecy and authority confirmed by personal experience of every Jew; therefore no prophets or miracles etc. may challenge laws received at Sinai. - Bava Metzia 59a - "Not in heaven." Golden calf (replacement of Moses, not G-d!) Yom Kippur - atonement, Teshuvah, 2nd tablets. 12 spies & lack of faith - decree - 9thof Av. | 1312 | |
| 2488 | Moses write 13 scrolls of the complete Torah and gives one to each tribe, and puts one in the Holy Ark.
Death of Moses outside of Israel - burial place unknown
| 1273 | |
| 2489 | Joshua - disciple of Moses becomes the leader of the Jewish people. First ordination - semichah - in history.
Entry into Israel - 10th of Nissan. Battle of Jericho, Rachav & spies. (Biblical Archaeology Review - pottery, grain intact, no looting, burnt, collapsed walls, Egyptian relics) 7 years of conquest, 7 years of settlement. East bank and West bank of Jordan. 31 Canaanite city states. Altar at Gilgal, Blessings & curses on Mt. Gerizim and Mt. Eival. Condition of entry to Israel was acceptance of the Torah..
| Middle Bronze Age Interchange Period -
(MBI)
Canaanite and Phoenician culture
dominate Israel
| 1271 |
| 2515 | Death of Joshua - Beginning of Period of Judges- Tribes independent - but advised and ruled by Judges. | Philistines - Gaza | 1245 |
| Othniel, Ehud, Deborah, Gideon, Abimelech, Tola, Yair, Jeftah,
Ibzan, Elon, Abdon, Samson, Eli. Pilegesh Begiva - Civil war!
| |||
| 2885 | Samuel - Chose Jerusalem as capital. Anointed Saul as first king of Israel - Saul loses kingdom - Amalek. | Early Greek States founded | 875 |
| Natan the prophet anoints Solomon. (Samuel dies 28th Iyar - same day Temple Mount recaptured by Israel in 1967). | |||
| Kings - David, Solomon - philosopher kings. Davidic Lineage starts. Psalms. | Assyrian Empire | ||
| 2892 | David becomes King of Israel. Anointed in Hebron and rules from there for 7 years, then moves to Jerusalem. (In 2889 Avner appoints Ish Boshet as king of Israel, who rules for two years) | 869 | |
| 2924 | Solomon becomes King of Israel. Author of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs. Peace and prosperity. Concubines- improper conversions, Messianic hope? | 837 | |
| 2928 | First Temple started (pomegranate relic, mines, stables) 10 continuous miracles of First Temple, Urim Vetumim - Divine Presence | Rise of Assyrian Empire | 832 |
| 2964 | Division of Israel & Judea Rehovoam son of Solomon. Jeroboam. North-10 Tribes. South.- Judah, Benjamin, Priests & Levites. Elijah & prophets of Baal, Achaz & Jezebel | 796 |
| 3150 | Isaiah-prophecies of Messianic times | Homer | 610 |
| 3199 | Hezekiah - Chizkiyahu, becomes king of Judea. Potential Messiah - and considered one of the most righteous of kings.
Under Hezekiah the kingdom became imbued with Torah learning
| Shalmanazer - King of Assyria conquers Israel. Settles Samaritans in North. | 562 |
| 3205 | Assyrians Exile the 10 Tribes. The (good?!) Samaritans. Theories of lost tribes- probably assimilated. King of Assyria invades Judea, beseiges Jerusalem. | Senacherib - King of Assyria.
Beginning of Rome
| 556 |
| 3298 | Jeremiah begins his prophecies - predicts the destruction of the Temple. | Confucious | |
| 3320 | Exile of Judah to Babylon in days of King Yehoyakim. | Rise of Babylon | |
| 3338 | Babylonians destroy First Temple on the 9th of Av and exile the Jews to Babylon. Some flee to Europe. Walls breached on 7thof Tammuz, sacrifices stopped on 17th of Tammuz.
Leave behind a remnant, ruled by Jewish governor, Gedaliah.
On 3rd of Tishrei, Gedaliah is assassinated by Jews.
| Nebuchadnezar (According to Greek historians - Temple destroyed in 587) | 423 |
| 3340 | Jeremiah, Ezekiel Prophecies of destruction and exile, prophecies of return. | Socrates, Plato | 422 |
| 3340 | Babylonian Exile, Daniel. Aramaic becomes Jewish language. Academies of Torah study. Autonomy of internal affairs. | 421 | |
| 3386 | Proclamation of Cyrus, Return to Israel. Minority returns in Nissan - same month as Exodus from Egypt. | Persian Empire | 372 |
| 3390 | Second Temple started | Medean Empire | 368 |
| 3393 | Cambys, Achashverosh stops construction. Feast celebrating "extinction" of Jews. Scroll of Esther. 164 "missing" years. | 365 | |
| 3400 | Purim, Mordechai, Ezra the Scribe Renewal of settlement in Israel in the Golan heights, on the West and East banks of the Jordan river. Peaceful conquest | Aristotle | 358 |
| 3408 | Second Temple completed. End of Prophecy. Joy and tears - no Ark, no Urim Vetumim, none of the 10 miracles. 70 years after destruction | Alexander the Great | 353 |
| 3441
3515
| Men of the Great Assembly establish the Liturgy. Shimon Hatzadik, the High Priest, meets Alexander of Macedon - transition - Prophets to sages. Transition changes confrontation, free-will requires equal & opposite Jewish prophets vs. pagans with supernatural powers - challenge Sages of the Oral Law vs. Greek philosophy (intellect vs. intellect) .
Septuagint - Torah in Greek - Fast of 9thTevet
| Ptomelaic Empire in Egypt. Seleucids in Syria. | 313
246
|
| 3648 | Maccabean Revolt (Strong into hands of weak!) Decrees, Stadiums, Hellenism. Chanuka. Jew vs. Jew Ptolemies, Seleucids - Antiochus. Maccabees (Priests) become kings, form alliance with Rome against Greeks. Beginnings of sectarianism. | 164 -> 168 | |
| Jonathan brother of Judah becomes king. In-fighting, intrigues and hatred among Hasomonean kings and family. | Rise of Roman Empire | 152 | |
| 3696 | Herod & Pompeii make deal - Israel joins Roman Empire | Pompeii | 62 |
| 3724 | Herod - Paranoiac, persecutes sages. Renovates Temple to win popularity, Masada, Herodion (Ref. Josephus) | 34 BCE | |
| 3700 | Romans in the Land of Israel (invited) | 10 | |
| 3710 | Philo of Alexandria | 20 | |
| 3770 | Essenes - Dead Sea Scrolls | Early Christians | 10 CE |
| 3728 | Hillel and Shammai | ||
| 3788 | Exile of Sanhedrin, Rabbi Yochanan ben Zachai | ||
| 3827 | Rabban Gamliel. Yeshu Hanotzri? Roman Occupation Rome initially makes legal exceptions for Judaism, wants Jews as Roman allies not Seleucid allies. Era of Pairs. Roman taxes, decrees. End of great Sanhedrin. | 67 | |
| The Great Revolt | Titus | 66 -> 73 | |
| 3828 | Romans destroy 2nd Temple - 9th of Av About 2,000,000 killed. Cruelty, Exile, Slavery. Ramban - Ki Tavo Rabbi Yochanan Ben Zakai - "Yavneh and its Sages" Prophecies in Deuteronomy 28:42 - Nachmanides commentary | Vespasian | 68 |
| 3830 | Rabbi Akiva, Rabbi Meir (stam Mishnah R. Meir) 24,000 students. 4 into Pardes, Acher. | ||
| 3833 | Masada, the Zealots - Talmudic silence Mikveh | . | 73 |
| Josephus Flavius - Wars of the Jews, Antiquities, Contra-Appion. | 38 -> 100 | ||
| 3893 | Bar Kochba Revolt, Betar - 9th of Av. Rabbis support Bar Kochbah as Messiah until killed by Romans. Bar Kochba letters. Ten martyrs | Hadrian | 133 |
| 3950 | Mishnah, Judah the Prince - Rabenu Hakadosh Scholar, Davidic lineage, righteous, Hebrew, wealth. Universal agreement | Antonius | 170 -
190
|
| 3953 | Pescennius Niger - "You ask me to relieve your lands of their taxes; would that I could tax the very air you breathe." | 193 |
| 4000 | 2000 years of Messiah | 240 | |
| 4000 | Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai - The Zohar | ||
| 4073 | Constantine forbids Jews in Jerusalem. Beginnings of theological anti-Semitism.
Main focus of learning in the Jewish communities of Israel and Babylon becomes the Mishnah. Yarchei Kallah - communal study seminars convened regularly.
| Constantine - becomes Christian Rome/Byzantium split. Nicean Council decides on Christian dogma | 313 |
| 4110 | Jerusalem Talmud - R. Muna ben Yonah, R.Yosi ben Bun | 350 | |
| 4140 | Hillel II - calendar. Theodosius forbids Sanhedrin to assemble, reaction to Julian's pro-Jewish stance. Calendar adopted at clandestine, & maybe last meeting. | Julian the Apostate | 380 |
| 4260 | Babylonian Talmud - Sof Horaah - End of Instruction | 500 | |
| 4360 | Ravina and Rabbi Ashi. Rabanan Sevorai Last time that all Jewish scholars voted and discussed issues, thus equivalent authority of Sanhedrin. Geonic period begins | Beginnings of Islam - Mohammed | 600 |
| 4384 | Jews reject Islam, expulsions from Arabia. Rejection by Jews of Islam turns into hatred of Jews by Moslems | 624-628 | |
| 4397 | Arabs invade Israel | 637 | |
| 4392 | Emperor Heraclius decrees Jews of Byzantium to be forced into Christianity. 613-661 also in Spain, Gaul & Italy. | 632 | |
| 4471 | 90% of Jews under Moslems. (Yellow badge) Generally better off under Islam than under Christianity - closer philosophically (monotheism) & genetically. Dhimmis, tolerated minority under Islam vs. persecuted minority under Christians. Judaism is only problematic to Islam, but is an absolute contradiction to Christianity. "Fight those who do not practice the religion of truth from among those to whom the Book has been brought, until they pay the tribute by their hands, and they be reduced low." Koran - Sura 9:2. Khazars convert to Judaism. | Moslem Arabs invade Spain | 711 |
| 4527 | Anan Ben David - Karaites - threat of schism. Opposition to Oral Law - Fire on Shabbat, cholent, pikuach nefesh | 767 | |
| 4650 | Rabbi Saadya Gaon (the Geonate) First systematic work of Jewish philosophy, partially to combat the Karaite challenge to tradition. Letter of Rav Sherira Gaon. | Emperor Charlemagne-800 | 890 |
| 4715 | Four captives - decentralization of Torah. Growth of European and Nth. African Torah centers. Rabeinu Gershom - Light of the Exile - decrees against forced divorce, polygamy, reading others' mail. Decline of Babylonian Academies | 955 | |
| 4773 | RIF - Rabbi Isaac Alfasi of Morocco creates first condensation and codification of Jewish Law - R. Zerachiah Halevi writes critique of code. | 1013 | |
| 4800 | Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki - RaSHICommentaries on virtual all classic texts. Concise and deep. Systematic grammar, translations, elucidation of verses based on Midrash.
Troyes, Mayence, Worms.
| 1040 | |
| Rabbi Avraham Ibn Ezra - Fight against Karaites using logic & grammar | 1092 | ||
| 4856 | 9th of Av - Start of First Crusade resulting in widespread slaughter of Jewish communities in the Rhineland. | Crusades | 1096 |
| 4856
4859
| Godfrey de Boullion - Leader of a Crusade - "Kill the heretics amongst us before going to Holy Land."
Jerusalem captured by the Crusaders
| 1096
1099
| |
| 4895 | Maimonides - Rambam, R. Moses ben Maimon -student of the Spanish, Middle Eastern & Nth. African schools. Guide, Code, Book of the Commandments, 13 Principles of Faith, Commentary, Letters, Medical writings. Controversy, criticisms. Life in Egypt. Physician of Egyptian court. | Saladin - leads Moslems in fight against Crusaders.
(Patient of Rambam)
| 1135 |
| 4906 | Expulsion from parts of Germany. Desecrating "host", blood libels. Rabenu Yaakov Tam - Baalei HaTosfot - French and German schools. | ||
| 4906 | Second Crusade | 1146 | |
| 4909 | Almohades bring Islamic intolerance to Spain fostering the spread of Spanish-Jewish culture outside the borders of Spain particularly in Provence, at the crossroads of Sefarad and Ashkenaz. The Orient and Europe | 1149 | |
| 4910 | R. Yehudah Hachasid - Chasidei Ashkenaz. Era of the Pietists of Germany | Battle of Hastings
1066
| 1150 - 1217 |
| 4920 | Benjamin of Tudela - Travels of Benjamin | 1160 | |
| 4946 | Expulsion from France | 1186 | |
| 4949 | Third Crusade - Widespread massacres of Jews in England | Richard Lion Heart | 1189 |
| 4950 | R. Yehudah Halevi - Kuzari, poems, Hebrew York massacre | 1190 | |
| 4954 | Nachmanides (1194 - 1270) Ramban, Rabbi Moses ben Nachman. Defender of earlier sages (inc. Rambam) against attacks, Alfasi against R. Zerachiah Halevi. Commentaries- Tanach and Talmud, Kabbalah. | Saladin in Jerusalem | 1194 |
| 4992 | Burning of Maimonides' Guide in Provence (possibly causing - later book-burning by anti - Semitic authorities) | 1232 |
